![]() ![]() Modafinil, atomoxetine, and guanfacine abolished the cell migration, therefore meaning these compounds could impact bone formation, wound healing, and bone remodeling/repair-as all require stem cell migration. Researchers also studied the effect of ADHD medication on cell migration. Within 72 hours after treatment with modafinil, atomoxetine, and guanfacine, cell viability recovered. Although the administration of the maximum therapeutic plasma concentration of modafinil, atomoxetine, and guanfacine caused a significant reduction of cell viability, neither induction of apoptosis nor necrosis could be observed in hMSCs. They also compared the effects of the medications on cell viability and apoptosis/necrosis, cell migration, and the osteogenic differentiation of differentiated bone cells derived from hMSCs, to illuminate the mechanism of bone formation inhibition. “Modafinil and guanfacine caused a significant upregulation of the transcript of RANKL and significant downregulation of the OPG transcript,” they reported. As such, they chose to analyze the influence of the medications on osteogenic differentiation. Researchers then hypothesized a possible effect of modafinil, atomoxetine and guanfacine on both mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts. Additionally, they detected significant amounts of the majority of alpha- and beta adrenoreceptors (ha1-AR, ha1B-AR, ha1D-AR, ha2-AR and hB3-AR), and the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and the dopamine transporters D1 and D2, consistent with the findings of Ma et al. 1 Transcript expression of human beta-2 adrenoreceptor was strongly increased compared to other receptors in hMSC and in hOB, the researchers reported. Researchers monitored the expression of NET and DAT receptors in hMSCs to determine the ability of modafinil, atomoxetine and guanfacine to disrupt the physiology of bone cells. 1 Previous research has shown that the early ADHD drug methylphenidate, another cognitive enhancer inhibiting the DAT and NET system, influences bone metabolism negatively by causing a growth reduction of 1.38 cm/year and decreasing the mineral density of bone tissue. With an increasing number of children and adolescents receiving a diagnosis of ADHD, 2 and 60% of children continuously affected by ADHD into adulthood, 3 the potentially high number of patients with controlled or uncontrolled use of psychostimulants increases the impact of possible adverse effects. Researchers determined that the 3 medications commonly used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) negatively affect hMSC differentiation to bone-forming osteoblasts and cell migration through different intracellular pathways. ![]() A recent study investigated the effect of modafinil, atomoxetine, and guanfacine on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts and on their cell functions, including migration. ![]()
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